Political Cartoonist free essay sample

Sketch artist that has practical experience in cartooning political occasions and government authorities. Pretty much every Newspaper has at any rate one of these engaging drawings, they are normally found In the area containing governmental issues. These Cartoons carry a touch of Humor to an in any case dull article. Political Cartoons have been around since the late , In the US as crusading promotions, inside 100 years these drawings could be discovered everywhere throughout the world.These early forms of the drawings were frequently planned for convincing individuals to decide in favor of whoever wasnt being offended. As a rule the drawings would be very vicious and disgusting, so as to scrounge up help for American Independence, Benjamin Franklin drew the acclaimed Join or Die animation. It portrays a snake cut into different pieces, each piece was named with the name of one of the settlements, this picture turned out to be well known and would have been seen very frequently.In the Presidential Campaign of 1800 there were numerous hostile drawings of the two competitors, Thomas Jeffe rson supporters guaranteed that John Adams needed his child to be hitched to the King of Englands little girl, while John Adams supporters said that Jefferson was an a cowardly, low lived individual, the child of a crossbreed Indian squaw, sired by a mulatto father. We will compose a custom article test on Political Cartoonist or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page During the appointment of 1 884 one of the most well known Political Cartoons in history was drawn, it shown a child crying Ma, Ma, where is my dad? Gone to the White House? . There were gossipy tidbits that RoverCleveland fathered an ill-conceived youngster and this was publicized by this animation. During the 1850-1860 the kid's shows started to voice the discussion over subjugation and Secession, when the South Seceded in 1860 in northern controlled media portrayed Jefferson Davis being hung or executed. The War of Northern Aggression changed the substance of Political Cartoons, it transformed from a free, autonomous business, to a vigorously government controlled purposeful publicity device. WWW and WI saw probably the most powerful kid's shows, the image of uncle Sam pointing and saying l need You, to Join he Army Inspired a huge number of youngsters to Join the army.Since WI Political Cartooning developed and kept on convincing voters in the US yet in the USSR it was utilized, to extraordinary adequacy, as a weapon. It was utilized to ingrain dread and pride in the residents, since the Users creation, purposeful publicity was important to spread the beliefs of Communism over the sweeping country of Russia. These pictures indicated the triumphs of Communism over the Tsar and Capitalism. In different countries like Nazi Germany publicity was utilized to develop the notoriety of the Nazi educated, In Great Britain the kid's shows were utilized to motivate men or develop support for the Imperialist government.Back in the US crusading had gotten progressively thoughtful and the kid's shows were increasingly traditionalist. The Cartoonists concentrated less on tearing separated the up-and-comers and more on their approaches and stages. Nixon was ridiculed for Watergate, Clinton for the Monica outrage, Bush for offering moronic remarks, and Obama for his bombed monetary arrangements.

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Coca Cola Stakeholder Report

Coca Cola Stakeholder Report Goodstein, Nolan, and Pfeiffer states in their book that A crucial the association presence and it covers four territories, right off the bat what is the reason, for whom, how and why association exists. A statement of purpose gives system to the association in which it will work. A benefit arranged association object is to fulfill requirements of market and for non-benefit situated association it is to serve for network. For whom will be the client of association and in non benefit association the network on the loose. How covers the procedure the association will seek after in giving quality item or administration to its potential clients. The appropriate response of why of benefit situated association would be boost of benefit and accomplishing development by taking advantage of new lucky breaks. A non-benefit association has no worry with benefit and spotlight on offering support to network. Association culture is conviction, mentality and qualities. It gives premise to the manne r in which association will play out its exercises. Qualities are significant piece of association and it sets association attributes, its real and required capability and nature of work. Its gives establishment for dynamic, direction of how work will perform, what sort of individuals are required and regions required more consideration. Qualities are premise of association choice. (Goostein, Nolan, Pfeiffer 1993) Organization performs esteem filtering and partners for successful dynamic. Partner holds controls and can fundamentally impact association choice. Partners incorporate investors, worker, client, network, loan specialists, providers and Government. Investors and loan specialists can impact choice of association as they have critical premium and force. Second significant partner is clients of association and holder colossal force and intrigue. Thirdly, the workers that require legitimate pay rates and advantages against their administrations. Every one of the three partners can impact the choice of association; along these lines association ought to perform partner examination before settling on vital choice to accomplish its drawn out destinations. Normally association targets are long haul gaols which it needs to accomplish. Regularly those are expansion of abundance of investors, giving quality items and increment in piece of the pie. As from the instance of Coca Cola, its goals incorporates Market pioneer in its industry Overall development Give solid and quality item So as to accomplish those target, it has values which depends on cooperation, exactness and uniting its representative to endeavor to accomplish its destinations. Goal of Three Stakeholders Coca cola has accomplished the goals of its three significant partners Clients, it has given quality item to its clients and set forward clients trust at top need. Coca Cola has vigorously put resources into its innovative work zone to deliver top notch refreshments. Workers, it has perceived its representatives as an advantage and comprehend the way that an inspired worker takes a stab at the development of the organization. It has taken various measures to fulfill its workers needs and give them course to impart and communicate their emotions. Investors, they need exceptional yield on their speculation. As it is evident from the development and improvement of coca cola. It is striving to augment the abundance of investor. 1.3 Strategies utilized by association and Government as partner Its association is capable to create methodologies to meet partners objective. Each partner has distinctive arrangement of targets related with the association. The enthusiasm of investors is expansion of riches and friends development. It is appearent from the case that Coca cola has accomplished noteworthy development throughout the years and grow its business world as it serving clients more than 200 nations and item run is 400 non aphonic drinks. Clients need an incentive for cash. Coca cola innovative work has delivered item to satisfy the need of clients and promoting advancement has expanded throughout the years. Coca cola follow that clients trust is imperative for the accomplishment of association. Coca cola has been meeting the legitimate and administrative necessity broadly and universally. In any business Government is constantly a significant partner as it holds critical capacity to upset association plans. So its vital for association to set up its procedures in consistence with law and guidelines. Representatives are significant partners of association; association ought to get ready systems for preparing and advancement of its human asset and give chance to exceed expectations. 2.1 Economic framework and utilization of assets The focal financial issue is lack of asset, which incorporates land, work and capital. It emerges because of high human interest, shortage doesn't show up itself it is human needs and want who brought them. A portion of the assets issues are comprehended by the presentation of new innovation as a substitute, where as other asset are as yet constrained (Dhillon 2007) Economic framework is worried about viable utilization of assets. Monetary framework relies upon the accessibility of assets and its requests. The kinds of financial framework are as follow. Order framework All assets are constrained by the administration itself. Government get ready designs for asset portion for industry and individuals. In this framework government is proprietor of assets and settle on choice for what is expected to deliver and approach to create. Free market monetary framework: In this choice are made by private people and industrialist. All assets are claimed by private people. In an unadulterated free market there would be no administration associations. America is greatest case of it where all assets are claimed by firms. Free enterprise is the dumbfounding conviction that the wickedest of men, will do the wickedest of things for the best great of everybody. (Keynes 2000) Blended Economic System In blended monetary framework a few assets are controlled and possessed by government and a few assets are overseen by private firm. This is renowned framework and it consolidates the attributes of the two frameworks. Transitional economies In this framework, it is changing from intended to free economy and include advertise choose the cost and boundaries of exchange are expelled. 2.2 Social government assistance and mechanical activities Social government assistance approaches incorporate wellbeing, instruction, social works, training, annuity plan and lodging plans. Theaker (2004), states in his book that there are various sorts of rules created by social orders. These guidelines gives structure to an association in setting up its procedures. The target behind guidelines and arrangements are that association ought to be proactive. It infers that association ought to be not centered around personal circumstance and work to serve its representatives, network everywhere and so forth. Moore (2002), states in his book that the administration is liable for joblessness, worker lodging and compensation levels. Government hold power and ought to get ready approach to secure the network. Social government assistance includes equivalent conveyance of riches. In the event that riches is dispersed similarly, at that point there will be no destitution. Social government assistance has solid history in UK; the administration has arranged various laws and strategies to ensure residents of UK which incorporates the poor law 1834, the government assistance state in Britain 1948, lodging approach, instruction strategy and so on. Modern strategy Modern strategy worried about development and advancement. Its targets are Practical development of industry Raise in work rate Proficient and successful utilization of Human asset improvement Nation development and improvement in making it world player UK five efficiency drivers are (Budget 2005) Expanding rivalry Undertaking advancement by limiting hindrances to section Innovative work Abilities and fitness Venture choice These approaches and measures can huge effects on industry and association to accomplish development and advancement. Government endeavors to advance and ensure its industry and network by making successful laws and arrangements. 2.3 Macroeconomics arrangement and impact of worldwide economy Macroeconomics arrangement measures and control yield, spending and salary. Nation national pay give premise to estimating the yield, spending and salary which assists with drawing money related and financial arrangement. Financial approach It has inconvenient effect on purchaser purchasing choice. Financial arrangement is utilized as apparatus to control government spending, request level, yield and tax collection. An ascent in annual assessment and NI will influence the pay after expense and more they work and more they will make good on duty and the other way around. An adjustment in expense will influence example of interest of client. Increment in obligation will decrease the purchasing as if there should be an occurrence of Cigarettes. Government sponsorships are utilized to improve the creation limit and development of industry to build business rate and government income. Fiscal Policy of UK A fiscal strategy includes that the administration changes the base rate to change the development rate and total requests. Fiscal strategy utilized as a measure to control expansion, financing cost and gracefully of cash. In UK the financial arrangement is overseen by Bank of England that is liable for controlling expansion, value dependability and to give development and work. Impact of worldwide economy Globalization and universal exchange has altered the course of industry. Prior association needs to contend broadly, presently it needs to rival global player and that has in general structure of industry. A definitive advantage goes to the end clients as far as low costs because of rivalry. Globalization has expanded the degree of vulnerability among local maker. Item improvement, advertising and costs are changing quickly because of worldwide exchange. Government has placed huge consideration in drawing financial and fiscal approach to adapt to such vulnerabilities which could lead them to either

The Concept of Child Abuse - Free Essay Example

Abstract: The concept of child abuse can be defined as any action that comes from the person responsible for the child, either by commission or omission, which puts (or can put) at risk the physical, emotional or cognitive integrity of the child. One of the determining aspects that are analyzed to assess the existence or not of this phenomenon comes from the study of the environment in which the child develops. Usually speaking of a maladaptive or harmful environment when various factors occur such as a restructuring at the family level in which they frequently resort to aggressive interactions, low affection, a marginal socio-economic level, a dysfunctional school environment at the psych pedagogical level, a social environment lacking interests, insufficient cultural-urbanistic resources, or presence of a conflictive environment in the neighborhood.. Introduction: A definition of child abuse is similar to that described is that of the General Assembly of the United Nations of 1989: Child maltreatment is any form of violence, physical or mental harm or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, ill-treatment or exploitation, which occurs while the child is in the custody of their parents, a guardian or any other person who is in charge. General overview of child development: During the first 8 years of a childs life, many changes occur. In just a few years, he goes from being a helpless baby, dependent on his parents, to becoming a small self-employed with his own interests that has already formed an image of the world. In fact, if we look back we will be amazed at how much it has grown and the huge leap that it has taken at the psychological level. The development of the baby from 0 to 12 months During the first year of life, the baby grows in sight and goes from being a child who can not stand alone to being a child who launches to discover their environment and actively relates to those around him. In this period his movements are perfected. At 5 months he is already able to pick up small objects with his hand, a movement known as a grasping reflex that represents the anteroom of the gripper grip, which, later on, will allow him to hold the pencil to write and make his first abstract drawings . Before the first year he will be able to hold his head on his own and crawl, and between 9 and 12 months, sometimes a little later, he will begin to take his first steps (Kleinman, 2015). During this stage his main means of communication is crying, although around the second month of life he will begin to show what is known as social smile, since until now his smile was a simple reflection. Around 7 months will begin to stammer some loose syllables, such as pa or ma, which will allow you to train your speech device. During these first months he will also begin to react to stimuli that are pleasing to him and will be more interested in seeing and hearing what is happening around him. And after 5 months your range of emotions will be greatly expanded since not only will you feel happy when you are caressed, but you will also get irritated when you do not get what you want The development of the child from 1 to 2 years From the first year of life the child gains independence, is able to communicate better what he wants and his motor and cognitive skills are developed at high speed. At this age most, children will have already taken their first steps. At the beginning you will need a little help and it is likely that you walk leaning on the furniture to avoid falling, but as the months go by, you will gain in balance and you will be able to walk alone. In fact, at the end of 2 years you will be able to run and go up and down stairs with relative ease. At the same time, his fine motor skills are developed, the manual movements become more precise and at 2 years he will be able to use the spoon to take the food to his mouth without spilling the contents (Van der Kolk, 2017). At this stage you can already say some words with meaning and understand simple commands such as give me or take. In fact, your vocabulary will consist of about 50 words, which will allow you to communicate more easily. You can also answer yes or no to the questions you ask, as well as identify some objects and animals using onomatopoeic sounds. In addition, he is able to relate the story he hears to the illustrations of childrens stories, an important step in the development of his verbal expression and symbolic thought. Around the year he will also begin to release his incipient character and will be able to experience and express more complex feelings such as shame, pride and jealousy. However, the first temper tantrums also appear because he is still not able to regulate his emotions. Development of the child from 2 to 4 years In this period the child is more independent and enjoys his autonomy. He has gained more control over his movements and feels more confident. His social skills have also improved so he will be more cooperative at home and start making friends on his own. Now he will practically double his height with respect to the moment of birth. Your balance and coordination will have improved significantly, so that you can throw a ball high and even jump on one foot. However, one of the most important changes is that lateral dominance begins to manifest itself, so that you will start using one hand more than the other, which will help you to fine-tune your fine motor movements. By the time you are 4 years old, you will have incorporated into your language around 1,000 words, so you can prepare sentences with up to 5 words, which helps you to communicate better. His thinking and intelligence are also developing, so that he is now able to understand more complicated concepts. Your memory has also been consolidated and you can remember simple commands, count up to 4 easily, distinguish colors and differentiate objects according to their characteristics (Christian Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, 2015). However, the fact that he is able to express himself better does not mean that he has full control of his emotions. Temper tantrums and crying persist at this stage as he still does not know how to express his feelings assertively. It is also usual to be more rebellious when you feel too much pressure or when you want to assert your opinion and defend your independence. The development of the child from 4 to 8 years At this age the child is already independent enough to do most of his daily activities alone, so he will begin to test his skills. Between the ages of 4 and 8 he achieves an almost perfect control of his movements, so he begins to acquire new coordination skills that will allow him to learn how to ride a bike or skate. His fine motor skills are also perfected, in fact, his strokes are much firmer, he already knows how to write with relative ease and can even tear and cut with great precision. From the intellectual point of view, when you reach 8 years old, you already have a very broad vocabulary that allows you to clearly express what you want and think. He already knows how to use pronouns, articles and prepositions well and is able to conjugate verbs. In fact, the grammatical construction of his sentences is almost perfect and pronunciation errors are already a thing of the past. Her ideas have also undergone a great change, are based more on reality and no longer confused with their fantasies. In addition, his abstract thinking begins to develop. Now his feelings are more lasting, which is related to the psychological maturity and emotional development he has achieved. He is also more aware of his emotions and able to express or hide them. He has also learned to grasp a broader range of emotions and be more empathetic to others Child maltreatment can be defined as those active or omitted behavior, intentional or negligent, occasional or maintained in time that compromise the physical or emotional integrity of minors, their sexual freedom and indemnity or, in general, their correct development. An adequate response to child maltreatment requires establishing guidelines for action that should guide the intervention of the different public institutions and the different areas of professional action, from an integrated and intersectoral approach and according to the responsibility that each one of them has. And all this, with the fundamental objective of preserving and defending the rights of minors and intervening when they are violated, especially in situations of abuse. Its construction, like any other, is a gradual process that is accomplished in stages. During childhood this structure is very fragile and that is why children are endowed with the so-called childhood innocence, which allows them to perceive the world above all as a place full of magic, beauty and harmony. In the same way that it is necessary to initially support the foundations of a building and wait for them to solidify before carrying them with all the weight they will bear, children need the protection of their family and society so that their mind and heart they are fed with the kind realities of life as they develop the capacities and strengths to support the most painful and negative aspects of it. But unfortunately, TV, and now the Internet, are exposing children to all sorts of violent, infamous and immortal stories and events that their fragile childhood condition is not designed to carry. Thus, a vast majority of them are now victims of what Mary Pipher, Ph.D (reviving Oph elia) called cultural abuse, a term that describes this subtle and dangerous form of child abuse. In fact, until the first half of the century the facts and customs of life, that is to say culture, were transmitted first of all through the teachings of the elderly and, for some, through the written media. Children were thus subject to limited information, which wise and gradual, gave their elders. But in recent years, television has destroyed that gradual process of revealing the less kind truths, exposing children, from very young, to all sorts of scenes and stories bloody, infamous or tenebrous. Children, and even teenagers, do not have the emotional solidity or the moral criteria to see, for example, how many young girls are sold on the streets to buy drinks or drugs, how children like them kill their own parents with bullets, how young gangsters are brutally brutalized by blows, or how women also rape men, all this represented in great detail. And the damage does not end there. The problem is not that television does not educate enough, but rude and irresistible force, teaching children a series of behaviors that go against the fundamental ethical principles of any society that seeks the welfare of its members. And the culture that transmits TV is filling children with distrust, hopelessness, anguish, aggression, and what is worse, confusion between what is right and what is wrong. And this is a form of abuse. The characters that this is happening are not only the producers and sponsors of the television programs. The biggest fault lies with the public that tune them because if they did not have an audience they would not continue to be presented. But the incredible thing is that parents are accomplices of this abuse by allowing our children to spend their free time entertained by perverts, guerrillas, murderers, women of happy life, etc., under the pretext that we can not do anything because the culprits are the programmers of TV. What would we do if someone happened to distribute to home, and directly to children, sexual stimulants, firearms, or illicit drugs? It is our obligation to avoid, however, that our children continue to consume the atrocities that daily and in their own home they offer these devices. Loving children is to protect them against everything that hurts them. The audiovisual media are seriously damaging the mental structure and moral integrity of our children, cracking the foundations on which they will build their lives. Just as no building can stand firm without good foundations, no life can be built and become full without solid foundations that constitute its starting point. It is in our hands to avoid the collapse of our children and with it the collapse of a promising future for them and for our society. Child abuse interventions: Abuse of children by their parents or other caregivers is a major problem in public health and social welfare in many countries, especially high-income ones. It is a common problem that can cause death, serious injuries and long-term consequences that will affect the life of the child in adulthood, his family and society in general. The WHO 2006 report on the prevention of child maltreatment emphasizes the need to pay attention to this issue in order to achieve investment in prevention and epidemiological surveillance. There are determining factors within the characteristics of the mistreatment and the or the abusers. Most of the time parents have problems with substance abuse, mental illness or mental disability and violence. Girls are more at risk of being sexually abused than boys, although the rates of other types of abuse are similar for both sexes in high-income countries. In underdeveloped countries, girls are at greater risk of infanticide, sexual abuse and neglect, while children are at greater risk of severe physical punishment. Children with disabilities, regardless of their gender, have a higher risk of abuse, although it has not been determined exactly to what extent their disability is a cause or consequence of the abuse. Abuse increases in minors the risk of suffering behavior problems, including internalization (anxiety, depression) and externalization (aggression) of behavior. Children who witness violence inflicted between their parents are at greater risk of presenting behavioral problems, but if this factor is independent of the other forms of abuse it is debatable. In Sweden, there is a therapeutic program that aims to develop intervention for children and adolescents exposed to negligence or domestic violence. Its objective was to implement a new treatment in that country: Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect, MST-CAN. Based on the US MST program, MST-CAN is an outpatient intervention; the treatment focuses on the network of family and friends and the environment of each family. His multi-system perspective addresses change in all family systems: work, school, family, neighbors, family relationships and friends. The goal is both children from households in which there is neglect and / or abuse as parents or other relevant adults with mental health problems and addictions. In addition, it includes the treatment of traumas, both for adults and children, and intensive pharmacological treatment for parents, if applicable. As a result of the intervention, it provides children and adolescents with a safer home environment, and helps parents take more responsibility in their role, eliminating psychological and physical violence (Finkelhor, Shattuck, Turner Hamby, 2014). Since the 1980s, it has been an option for social services in various countries. In the Netherlands, for example, it is the private sector through insurers that supports this program, positively influencing the decrease in crime. In Sweden, several municipalities join and buy the team of professionals consisting of a supervisor, four therapists and a psychiatrist. The effective treatment for a family is estimated between six and nine months. The average number of beneficiaries reaches five people. The therapists meet with each family three to five times a week and work out the objectives that the family members themselves formulate. The work is carried out mainly in the family home or in the places where the family resides, for example, the childrens school. The therapists work at times that suit the family, often afternoons and weekends, and the team has an availability to families 24 hours a day, seven days a week. References Kleinman, P. K. (Ed.). (2015).Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Cambridge University Press. Van der Kolk, B. A. (2017). This issue: child abuse victimization.Psychiatric Annals,35(5), 374-378. Christian, C. W., Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. (2015). The evaluation of suspected child physical abuse.Pediatrics, peds-2015. Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Child, J. C., Falder, G., Bacchus, L. J., Astbury, J., Watts, C. H. (2014). Childhood sexual abuse and suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis.Pediatrics,133(5), e1331-e1344. Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H. A., Hamby, S. L. (2014). The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence.Journal of Adolescent Health,55(3), 329-333.

United States Of America Safe From Foreign Threats Is Far...

Keeping the United States of America safe from foreign threats is far from an easy task. However, preventing domestic threats is a much more complicated and delicate one. Government organizations such as the National Security Agency [NSA] are known to have invaded our privacy through our connection to technology. The NSA has publicly admitted to the surveillance. Due to media coverage, the NSA is often viewed as the main agency that bulk collects data. Emails, phone calls, and even our text messages have been surveilled under an NSA program known as â€Å"PRISM† (â€Å"Domestic Surveillance Techniques†). Everyday government organizations invade our privacy for the sake of national security in an attempt to defend us from domestic threats, but it seems they often take surveillance a step too far. United States citizens should understand legality of these actions, as well as the purpose this data collection serves. Collecting data off of individual devices from specific citizens of the United States is not an illegal act, as long as the data was retrieved with the permission of a judge. It’s easy to compare a search through your phone with a government official or agent going through your car or even your home. It is not legally allowed unless the person being investigated gives explicit consent, or the agency going through your personal property has reasonable grounds to investigate, otherwise known as probable cause. Often when someone s data is analyzed they are under a criminalShow MoreRelatedThe Rights Of The United States847 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year people from all over the world come to the United States for a myriad of reasons. Some to seek employment, some education, and others to seek safe haven from violence and oppression from foreign governments. 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Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay - 1822 Words

As Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by significant challenges in communication and social skills as well as behaviour, it leaves individuals who have been diagnosed having difficulty deciphering the social cues, and body language that is intrinsic to romantic and sexual relations. The frequency of reported ASD in children has increased dramatically over the last forty years across the globe, though experts are uncertain as to what exactly has caused the rate of diagnosis to increase so sharply. According to the most recent data provided by the American Center for Disease Control and Prevention the prevalence of diagnosis had risen to a rate of 1-in-68 children (Christensen, Baio, Braun et al. 2016). This leaves many of current and future generations with severe questions on the means of who they are and how they can pursue a romantic a sexual relationship, when they have difficulty differentiating between a friendly touch and flirt ing due to their limited theory of mind.The exact cause of Autism, be it genetic or environmental is still not completely determined, with much research particularly lately going into genetic and hormonal differentials between individuals with ASD and the general population, As with many instances of the question of nature versus nurture, most of scientists have come to a census on the middle ground; it’s both. in this literature review we will largely be ignoring environmental factors. Given theShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person who has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if charac teristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1801 Words   |  8 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), and is associated with impairments in executive functions. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also defined as a group of disorders that impair an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships. (Boyd, 2015) Autism is a well-known

Lyme Arthritis Essay Example For Students

Lyme Arthritis Essay Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disordercharacterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growingred area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disordermay be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or jointabnormalities. SymptomatologyThe first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known aserythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a reddiscoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skinlesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially thethigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with centralclearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at thatsite by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may bewarm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients developmultiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lastsfor a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear duringresolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes beforerecurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do notoccur in Lyme disease. The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by afew days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache andstiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea,vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen mayalso be present. Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing,but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks. Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM,occurring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints(polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longerattacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially theknees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are muchmore swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red. Bakers cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture. Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue andlow-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks ofarthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement(i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer). Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patientswith Lyme disease within weeks to months following onset of ECM, oftenbefore arthritis occurs. These abnormalities commonly last for months,and usually resolve completely. They include:1. lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis2. jerky involuntary movements (chorea)3. failure of muscle coordination due to dysfunction of thecerebellum (cerebellar ataxia)4. cranial neuritis including Bells palsy (a form of facialparalysis)5. motor and sensory radiculo-neuritis (symmetric weakness, pain,strange sensations in the extremities, usually occurring firstin the legs)6. injury to single nerves causing diminished nerve response(mononeuritis multiplex)7. inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis). Abnormalities in the heart muscle (myocardium) occur inapproximately 8% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks of ECM. They may include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block and,less commonly, inflammation of the heart sack and heart muscle(myopericarditis) with reduced blood volume ejected from the leftventricle and an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly). When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, the fetus may ormay not be adversely affected, or may contract congenital Lyme Disease. In a study of nineteen pregnant women with Lyme Disease, fourteen hadnormal pregnancies and normal babies. If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, possible fetalabnormalities and premature birth can occur. EtiologyLyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium (BorreliaBurgdorferi) transmitted by a small tick called Ixodes dammini. Thespirochete is probably injected into the victims skin or bloodstreamat the time of the insect bite. After an incubation period of 3 to 32days, the organism migrates outward in the skin, is spread through thelymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different bodyorgans or other skin sites. .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .postImageUrl , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:hover , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:visited , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:active { border:0!important; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:active , .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870 .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bd59f2cc7775aecac57bfad3a826870:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Imported Cars EssayLyme Disease was first described in 1909 in European medicaljournals. The first outbreak in the United States occurred in theearly 1970s in Old lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence ofjuvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate andidentify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer identified thebacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes thisdisorder. Affected PopulationLyme Disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice anddeer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any season of theyear. Related DisordersRheumatoid Arthritis is a disorder similar in appearance to Lymedisease. However, the pain in rheumatoid arthritis is usually morepronounced. Morning stiffness and symmetric joint swelling morecommonly occur in rheumatoid arthritis, and knotty lumps

Public Health Essay Example

Public Health Paper 1. What is Public Health? Public health is the science of avoiding disease, extending life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individuals in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the elderly diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease and the development of social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health. 2. The scope of public health Chronic disease, infectious diseases, mental health, nutritional, health of vulnerable individuals, environmental health, substance abuse, accidental injury, health care delivery 3. The core functions of public health? Assessment, policy development, and assurance. During assessment, environmental health problems and hazards are diagnosed and investigated. In policy development, people are informed, educated and empowered about environmental health issues. Also, policies and plans are developed to support individual and community environmental health efforts. Lastly, assurance is when laws and regulations are enforced to protect environmental health and ensure safety. 4. Public Health vs. Medical Health? While medicine is concerned with individual patients, public health regards the community as its patient, trying to improve the health of the population. Medicine focuses on healing patients who are ill. Public health focuses on preventing illness. 5. Sciences of public health? We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Public Health specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Epidemiology, statistics, biomedical sciences, environmental health science, social behavioral sciences, health policy management 6. Prevention intervention? Define the health problem, identify the risk factors associated with the problem, develop test community level interventions to control or prevent the cause of the problem, implement interventions to improve the health of the population, and monitor those interventions to assess their effectiveness. 7. What is the relationship between politics public health? Public health is like a broad social movement. It has its roots in economic, libertarian, and moral issues which tend to come up repeatedly in debates over public health actions and activities. 8. What are the 20th century’s top 10 achievements in public health? Vaccination, motor vehicle, safer workplaces, control of infectious diseases, decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke, safer and healthier foods, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, fluoridation of drinking water, and recognition of tobacco as a health hazard. 9. What are the major challenges for the 21st century in public health? Poor diet/ exercise, environmental health, tobacco use, substance abuse, mental health, unsafe sex, aging, emerging infections, and access to health care. 10. Measure your BMI estimate how much exercise you do regularly.? Calculated BMI: 17. 7 Average amount of exercise: 1 hour per day 11. What % of the US national budget is spent on PH? 69% 12. Describe some actions that governments have taken to ensure that people are safer and healthier today than people were 100 years ago Cleaner water, air, food, safe disposal of sewage, and better nutrition. 13. Identify a health problem in your community? Cancer 14. What are some risk factors associated with the problem? Family history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, lack of physical activity, certain chemicals and other substances etc. 15. Suggest a possible intervention that the community might take to ameliorate the problem. Staying away from radiation as much as possible, in-taking certain foods such as those rich in beta carotene and other chemical components which may decrease the risk of getting cancer. References: Hobson, J. Allan. A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects: A. Rechtschaffen and A. Kales (Editors).(Public Health Service, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1968, 58 p., $4.00).  Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology  26.6 (1969): 644. Pate, Russell R., et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine.  Jama  273.5 (1995): 402-407.

PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE GOFFMAN essays

PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE GOFFMAN essays In the The Presentation of Self In Everyday Life Goffman seeks to show the reader how everyone sets out to present themselves to the world around them, always trying to maintain the role they have selected for themselves, since those whom they meet not only try to decide what role it is you are playing, but also whether or not you are competent to play that role. More significantly, impression management is a function of social setting. Erving Goffman portrays everyday interactions as strategic encounters in which one is attempting to "sell" a particular self-imageand, accordingly, a particular definition of the situation. He refers to these activities as "face-work." Beginning by taking the perspective of one of the interactants, and he interprets the impact of that person's performances on the others and on the situation itself. He considers being in wrong face, out of face, and losing face through lack of tact, as well as savoir-faire (diplomacy or social skill), the ways a person can at tempt to save face in order to maintain self-respect, and various ways in which the person may harm the "face" of others through faux pas such as gaffes or insults (209). These conditions occur because of the existence of self presentational rules. These rules, in turn, are determined by how situations are defined. For instance, there is greater latitude in social situations than in task-oriented situations. Situations also dictate available roles and how much self-importance people can sustain. Herewith one will try to analyze two situations that reinforce the desired interpretation of self that one wishes to convey. The first performance takes place in the university environment on the first day of school. The second scene takes place at the formal wedding reception among family and friends. Both interactions describe the Goffmanian concepts and schemas that the author uses throughout his book. The first situation is portrayed in the...

Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Organization - Essay Example This paper will look at advantages of a collaborative role among organizations. A collaborative role benefits both clients and the services given to them. Through collaboration, the organizations become more responsive to customers’ needs. On the other hand, a collaborative role within the organization seals the gaps in services being offered and also provides for a provision of services that are more comprehensive. Apart from the advantages to clients and service provision, the collaborative role has advantages to the organization. It enables the organization to introduce new practices, expectation, and ideas. Moreover, collaboration among organizations facilitates enhanced access to available resources. Additionally, Game Theory has been used by organizations to improve quality or maximize profits (Shuman, Twombly & Rottenberg, 2001). Collaboration by nature combines several and different initiatives. The advantage of having many individuals in a group, where the pool of ability is bigger, produces a beneficial resource in units that cannot be found where people work individually. People with different academic and personal background should be merged so as to achieve the best out of an organization. Conversely, it is essential to lessen connectivity in places where collaboration is not of

Analyzing of an Adverstisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing of an Adverstisement - Essay Example This is a dialogue based advertisement that starts off with a question about what is technology. Then it shows an actual depiction of what one perceives of technology. It shows a series of technical binary, robotics and air browsing then moving on to the next question which asks what technology does for us. This is where the advertisement manages to connect with the audiences by adding a human emotional element to the whole depiction of technology. It shows moving images with a child who is able to walk with the help of an engineered amputation and how he can play and have his shot at normal life. Next it shows how the paint application enables an elderly to try his hand at art with the ease of mouse and various functions available. It then shows children being able to view 3D videos of outer space for better understanding. Lastly, as a part of the whole answer it shows video conferencing between two school classes and the happiness with which they can see children their age study th e identical subjects thousands of miles away. It also shows doctors benefiting from the 3D technology by better understanding the human body and structure and their power to gain precision in X-rays. The advertisement then shows words that say and highlight that technology unites people. As a depiction of this fact, they show emotional images of people connecting with their loved ones miles away. One frame shows a soldier who can view his new born and morally support his wife through child birth through video chat and another show a young girl dancing excitedly at seeing her father on a wide screen. The robotic voiceover is effective in connecting the whole technological aspect with a human one (YouTube, 2014). The advertisement then moves onto the inspirational aspect of technology that has enabled human beings to do the impossible. The visuals and voiceover complement this statement by showing innovative hand leg amputations that allow special people to function just

Poem Comparison Essay Example for Free

Poem Comparison Essay The three poems are written by Wilfred Owen are based on war, and reveal the horrors of war. They are sad, and he uses these poems to express his bad feelings and hatred for war. Despite their similarities, they differ in certain ways as well. For example, Anthem for Doomed Youth is about how nobody is concerned for the dead soldiers and their efforts, Arms and The Boy is about how war transforms people into bloodthirsty monsters, and Futility is about a dead soldier lying in the fields of France. Structurally, Futility and Anthem for Doomed Youth are similar because they are both sonnets. However, they once again differ in that Futility is a more irregular sonnet, written in two verses of seven and seven with a rhyme scheme of ABABCCC DEDEFFF. It is irregular because it has no iambic pentameter, and overall the meter is very inconsistent. It uses half rhymes such as â€Å"once† and â€Å"France†, or â€Å"star† and â€Å"stir†. Anthem for Doomed Youth is more conventional with verses of eight and six, with a rhyme scheme of ABABCDCD EFFEGG. It has iambic Pentameter. Arms and the Boy have three verses of four lines with a half rhyme scheme of AABB CCDD EEFF. It has an iambic rhythm.  Arms and the Boy have a contradictory title because boys and war should not normally go together. Arms and the Boy use a register of terms to make the boy sound horrible, like a monster. It uses words and phrase such as â€Å"Hunger of Blood†, â€Å"Madman’s Flash†, and â€Å"Famishing for Flesh†. These three terms show the monstrosity of the soldiers, and criticises their thirst for killing. He shows us his feelings of hatred and despair towards them. There is also a register of predatory weapons, such as â€Å"teeth, claws, talons, antlers†. This portrays him as an animal in two ways, one is for his savageness in being so determined to kill, but also in that, animals use their bare limbs for killing, and so does he (arms to operate guns and to use bayonets). Anthem for Doomed Youth also has a contradictory title because there is no anthem for the doomed youth, as shown by â€Å"What passing bells for those who die as cattle?† which shows they died without dignity, let alone a funeral or anthem. It describes what should be their funeral, but is not. It shows what they are not getting, but really should be  getting. The second stanza shows an ending for them by using word like goodbyes and â€Å"drawing down of blinds†. The second line is very clever because it reflects Shakespeare’s saying of â€Å"life’s a theatre, and all men and women merely players†. A show ends with drawing down of curtains or blinds, and their lives metaphorically end like that. Futility is about a soldier who is dying in the sun. We are told he is a farmer because of the line â€Å"At home, whispering of fields unsown†. It portrays the sun as a mother, because of the caring words used to describe it such as gently. It portrays the sun as a kind figure that woke up the soldier on a regular basis. On this occasion, it cannot. The sunbeams â€Å"toil† to keep him awake but that still does not work. This is because nature (the sun) cannot interfere with manmade affairs (war). There is snow present, which is a figure of death because it is cold and harsh, opposite of the warm and gentle sun. He is appalled how our limbs â€Å"so dear achieved† can be used as tools as destruction.

Gifts of the Greeks :: essays research papers

The Gift from the Greeks The first Olympic Games were held at Olympia, in the Peloponnes. The most famous are the games that were held in Olympia in honor of Zeus every four years from August 6th to September 19th. Olympics have been a symbol of the camaraderie and harmony possible on a global scale. The gathering of athletic representatives from participating governments, even throughout the recent Cold War period, is proof that world unity is possible. It was a gift from the Ancient Greece The Pentathlon consisted of five events; the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, foot race, and wrestling. The Pentathlons, especially the successful ones, were often treated and even worshipped like gods. Because of their exquisite physiques, they were used as the models for statues of the Greek Gods. The superior athletic ability of these athletes affects the games even today. The twisting and throwing method of the discus throw, which originated in Ancient Greece, is still used today. The original events were even more challenging than those of today. The modern discus weighs in at just 5 pounds, one-third of the original weight, and the long jumps were done with the contestant carrying a five pound weight in each hand. The pit to be traversed in this jump allowed for a 50 foot jump, compared to just over 29 feet in our modern Olympics. Apparently, the carried weights, used correctly, could create momentum to carry the athlete further. Legend has it that one Olympian cleared the entire pit by approximately 5 feet, breaking both legs as he landed. These legends, for all their blood, sweat, and tears, were awarded an olive branch from the tree behind the alter of Zeus when they won. Fortunately, the regions they represented were usually somewhat more grateful for bringing honor home. It was not uncommon for the victors to receive free food for life, money, or other valuable offers. They were often worshipped as gods and sometimes their sweat was preserved and sold as a magical potion. In the later years of the games, an additional event was added which signaled the end of the games and the return to the war ridden life of ancient history. Soldiers, adorned with a full body of armor weighing upwards of 50 pounds, would compete in a foot race. Unfortunately, even the apparent athletic ability of these soldiers could not prevent the fall of Greece to Rome in the middle of the second century BC.

Fascist Government Essay

Fascist government is better compared to a communism government in that it seeks the reality of the society on strength and weaknesses of nations.   Historically, fascist governments opposed the class conflicts and emphasized that they would forever exist. Though fascists have been used pejoratively in the present setting, it is clear that communism was worse in history as it advocated for classless and stateless society that declared allegiance to the Marxism-Leninism a notion that was impossible to apply.   It is no doubt that communism orientation of social organization where totalitarians dominated and above all, the self perpetuating political party system was the major cause for excessive anarchy like that experienced under the soviet rule. Overview This paper explores fascist government as the better option to communism with greater focus on the historical events.   Through use of questions and answers, the paper explores the principles and theoretical considerations of the two systems of government.   It compares the major occurrences under the two systems of the government to support the thesis statements.   With reference to the period of application, the paper gives a clear analysis of the logistics behind the fascists’ governments as opposed to the communist administration. Questions and answers What are the principles of communism and how effectively did communism governments apply them? Communism government is guided by the main principle of a society that is egalitarian and classless mainly based on common ownership and control of the production means. The principles call for a stateless society with a form of government that declares allegiance to Marxism-Leninism.   Application of communism has and is always controversial in that the well outlined principles form a reciprocating platform for abuse by the same governments. Remarkably, it is communism that has made USSR to be remembered for its ruthlessness when dealing with the community.   In 1928, Joseph Stalin application of communism which he claimed to be directly under his predecessor Lenin innovation, were borne of mayhem and anarchy.   It was marred with extra judicial killings, spying and elimination of the political opponents (Lauren, 173-177). As indicated by fascism, it was important to acknowledge the need for the classes in the society as they were the ones that bore them.   Fascist governments therefore applied the correct principles of the time that were bound on the desire to grow and expand beyond their boundaries.   Though application of the survival for the fittest in the human realms was a major shenanigan, fascism has been credited for creating nationalism and enhancing identity.   Sir Osward Mosley, the leader of British Union of Fascists emphasized that communism was a major cause of suppression for democracy it claimed to advocate (Daniels, 38-45). What were the consequences of communism and abolishing private property ownership to ensure equality? Communism was mainly directed at seeking communal ownership of the production systems in the society.   Under this system however, the government was given a better operating platform to practice massive corruption to the people.   Though the concept was initially well thought of, its application mostly presented the reciprocal a notion that made the whole system to become a failure.   The death of Karl Marx at end of the 19th century has been cited to be the possible end of real communism. Historians indicate that fascist governments rose as a response to the events of World War I, a notion that cited the possible fallouts in democracy and liberalism for their favor of individualism or internationalism.   Historically, this concept was faulty and saw the establishments of the fascist governments like in Italy (Furet and Furet, 178-188). How effective was the system and what were the repercussions? Application of communism was a bloody notion that had far much reaching implication even to the current society.   During the World War II, the communists consolidated power through massive blood shed in most of the Eastern Europe.   In Russia, the struggle by many countries to get independence never bore fruits until the international community intervened later in the 20th century.   Though communist governments claimed to be borne by the people themselves, it is however ironical that most of the third world colonies that adopted the communist ideals like Cambodia, Lao, and Angola are still among the poorest in the world. Though fascist government promoted the growth of their empire beyond their own territories, they supported the nationalism and were mainly driven by charismatic leaders.   This gave the notion of the great capacity of the fascism governments to rationally reason out their application policies.   Nakano Seigo of Japan noted that fascist governments had the capacity to practice democracy than did communist governments (Furet &Furet Deborah, 186-190).

The Concept of merger - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2753 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 The Concept of Merger The determinants of merger and acquisition behavior have long been a topic of interest to researchers. Epstein (2004) provide that merger defines as a business activity involves two entities of relatively comparable stature coming together and taking the best of each company to form a completely new organization. Mergers are often categorized as horizontal, vertical or conglomerate mergers. Gaugham (2007) provide the brief definition of the three type of merger. Two competitors combination is called horizontal merger. Vertical mergers are the combinations of companies which exist with a buyer-seller relationship; A conglomerate occurs when two combined companies are not competitors and without a buyer-seller relationship. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Concept of merger" essay for you Create order 2.2 The Motives of Merger In order to achieve an ideal position for the organizations business, company may decide to undertake merger activities. There are probably many different motivations for merger as involving bidders and targets. Trautwein (1990) offers several theories of merger motives including efficiency, monopoly, raider, valuation, process, empire-building and disturbance theory. Ikeda and Doi (1983) point out that company take advantage of merger activities to increasing market share or market power, increasing efficiency, firm growth and increase of research and development all are the merger motives. Lam and Chiu (2005) suggest that objectives for merger are diverse, including fillings critical capability gaps, achieving synergies and economic of scale, acquisition of tax losses and tending off an income trust structure and replacement of management. However, corporate takeovers and acquisitions give rise to vastly differing attitudes between the parties (Gerold 1989). Both parties are seeking to promote, or perhaps one of the companies wish to receive a friendly rescue for the financial difficulties situation. Other than the above motivations, several empirical studies provide support to the synergy as a key merger motives. For example, Leland (2007) points out that the both positive and negative operational synergies are the primary motives for restructuring the company. Bradley et al. (1988) mention that a successful tender offer will increase the combined value of the target and acquiring firms by an average 7.4%. Berkovitch and Narayanan (1993) document that synergy is the primary motive in takeovers with positive total gains Mukherjee et al. (2004) suggest that a premium to the target firm is justified if the merger produces synergistic benefits. It will be detail discussed in the session of Literature Review. Furthermore, Sun and Tang (2000) create the support for two firms merged in the same line of business is for the purpose of achieving economies of scale in production, distribution, or some other phases of their operation. (The detail of economies of scale will have a further discuss) 2.2.1 Economies of scale Economy of scale is a practical concept that refers to the reduction in fixed cost per unit resulting from increased production through the operational efficiencies. (Dranove and shanley 2005) Applying to the merger aspect that is combined company can often reduce its fixed costs of the production by simplifying complicated departments or operations. Thus, profit margins are increased. Kasman (2005) mention that lower the costs proportionally by changing the production output can result to economies of scale. Some scholars view economies of scale as one of the main motives of merger and have formed comment on the circumstances. Rezitis (2008) suggest that the occurrence of the economies of scale is due to the control of cost-saving technologies has been achieve or the fixed cost regarding to a large volume of output has been spread by the merged company and thereby average cost reduced and efficiency enhanced. Dranove and shanley (2005) point out that strategic rationale for the merger activities include economies of scale and scope which can be achieved by shifting the production to a centralized facility or investing the resources necessary to build sufficient capacity. 2.2.2 Synergy Goold and Campbell (1998) report six forms of synergy including shared know-how, shared tangible resources, pooled negotiation power, coordinated strategies, vertical integration and combined business creation. Anderson (1987) defines that synergy can represent the nature of the successful acquisition game, which violating the laws of mathematics and causing one plus one to equal three. (i.e. 1+1=3) Synergy is also defined as increases in competitiveness and resulting cash flows beyond what the two companies are expected to accomplish independently (Sirower 1997). 2.2.2.1 Generation of synergy The theory of synergistic merger is meaning company can achieve efficiency gain by combining the good business or plants of the acquired firms with their own business or plants. It was discovered that synergies may arise from a variety of sources and denote the incremental positive and negative cash flow consequences of being merged (Fulghieri and Hodrick 2006). Srinivasan and Mishra (2007) point out that synergy is created when the merged firms value is worth more than the firm individual existing. Three main categories are classified as operational synergy, financial synergy and managerial synergy. Operational synergy is generated by the combination of operation separate units. The lower cost of capital cause financial synergy appears. Managerial synergy occurs when the superior planning and monitoring of the acquiring and target firm are the complementary abilities. There are several research discussed the way of synergy generation. Maldonado (2002) indicates that operational synergies or technical economies constitute synergies are cost of production related and arise from the sharing between activities of lumpy or intangible multi-use assets. Sun and Tang (2000) mentions that one means of achieving operation synergy is to combine two firms having complementary resources to eliminate duplicate facilities, operations or departments. Beside, Rezitis (2007) point out that the attainment of the operational synergies via mergers and acquisitions depends on the realization of economies of scale and scope. Also, the generation of financial synergy is discussed. Fluck and Lynch (1999) note that financial synergy may occur when mergers increase the combined values of acquirers and targets by financing positive NPV projects that cannot be financed as stand-alones. Gaughan (2007) develop the process of realizing synergistic gains. Achieving synergistic gains should begin with careful strategic planning. (Refer to the figure 1) If the merger planning has been well thought, there is a better chance to being successful. After that, it is necessary to integrate the two merged business. Aware of the cultural, operational and strategic difference is required. Lastly, the synergy gain is realized according to the analysis of financial performance, which may be broken down enhancements may come from the broader product line. Cost reduction is due to the elimination of duplicate costs on the merged companies. 2.2.2.2 Evaluation of synergy In order to have a successful merger, company should consist of business talent that you can cause the predicted synergy to be realized (Anderson 1987). Thus, evaluation of synergy plays a significant role for the merger success. No trial can be found in merger and acquisition is the main reason for the company to evaluating of synergy (Kode et al. 2003). It was found that there are some literatures give opinion about the synergy evaluation. Fulghieri and Hodrick (2006) mention that both positive and negative synergies can be evaluated by the incremental expected joint production which merged firm generated. In addition, high quality evaluation of acquisition candidates is an essential element of success which leading synergistic gain (Anderson 1987). A variety of techniques for valuing companies such as discounted cash flow, price/earnings multiple and earnings dilution are suggested by him. Gupta and Gerchak (2002) suggest the determination of whether or not a merger is an economic success, valuation is the major focus. The purpose of valuation is helping bidders to gain a better understanding of key drivers of operational synergy. The comparable companies or transactions approach and the discounted cash flow approach are proposed. 2.3 The impacts of merger Company carry out merger activities may generate positive impact or negative impact as well as the neutral result. The following provide some example which select from diverse literatures and relate to the evaluation of merger impact. 2.3.1 Positive impact A number of articles have studied and measured the benefit of MA and found that the advantages focus mainly to the area of the shareholder value, business competitiveness and productivity. By using the transitional and new market-model measures, mergers in general are a means to permanent gains in the wealth position of the stockholders of acquiring and acquired firm (Lubatkin 1987). However, the changes in stockholder value are associated with the type of merger. Nguyen and Ollinger (2006) state that most merged firms can improve their productivity growth after merger. The productivity of about 85% of the acquired plants grew faster than the productivity of nonacquired plants. Also, mergers can produce the serious anticompetitive consequence. The reason is if a merger is likely to have efficiency and market-power consequences, the response of downstream firms will represent the anticipated net effect of these consequences on product market prices (Mullin et al. 1995). The more the successful of the merger activities, the more the positive impacts are produced. Epstein (2005) point out the mainly reason for the successful merger is the merger strategy. The careful development and implementation of merger strategy can significantly increase the likelihood of overall merger success through. 2.3.2 Negative impact If the merger activities unsuccessfully carried out, some harm will cause to the difference aspect of the companys business practices. The most common one is the effect of financial aspect. Maldonado (2002) has performed the investigation about whether merger and acquisitions result in improved financial performance. It was found that mergers did not have a positive effect on financial performance since the efficiency and pricing have not been improved. Hoshino (1982) point out that adverse effects are caused by mergers. There are is no evidence that merged firms have a higher growth ratio than the firm without merger which can enjoy a higher rate of growth of equity in long run. Apart from the financial aspect, ethical aspects are also subject to discuss. Syrjala and Takala (2007) study on corporate merger and focus on the ethical aspects in the Nordic Electro-business industry. They show that the merger process will lead to decreased responsibility among the organizational members, which due to the inconsistency between genuine ethical thinking and executive talk. The moral attitudes of the managers will be influenced in the turmoil of organizational change because of the new operating model and new corporate management. For the part of effects on the stakeholder, Tuch and OSullivan (2007) failed to find consistent evidence of improvements in shareholder wealth after the volume of merger and acquisition activity and thereby management is troublesome and raises important questions about the wisdom of takeover activity. Epstein (2005) outlines six key determinants of merger success namely strategic vision and fit, deal structure, due diligence, premerger planning, post merger integration and external factor. The lack of clarity regarding the elements of merger success and implementation will lead to measurement problem and mergers desirable or of dubious value. 2.3.3 Impact on both Positive and Negative The effects of merger not only positive but also negative may be generated. There are some literatures show merger are able to generate positive and negative at the same time. Corlton et al. (1980) state that merger activities will be a great benefit for product improvement to the company. In the meantime, the adverse competitive effects of the merger also caused since the potential competition is likely to issue in merger case only if the market is defined. Otherwise, there is no significance to assign the elimination of the potential entrant by the merger. Dickerson et al. (1997) disclose the relative advantages and disadvantages of acquisitions growth for the company performance. Here are the three advantages provided. The first one is the returns from the acquisition are likely to materialize quickly. Secondly, acquisition can provide a firm with new internal investment opportunities by facilitating entrance into new product areas and by providing new information in those areas. The ability to remove the potential competitor is the last advantage. However, there are also three disadvantages are mentioned. Since the firm purchases an already existing company, it may not get exactly what it prefers. The second disadvantage of acquisition is that the acquired firm might have its own set of problems. Thirdly, it is difficult for integrating it with the existing organizational structure of the acquirer. 2.4 Evaluation approach for merger performance Numerous empirical studies have investigated the evaluation approach for merger performance such as financial performance, operating performance, marketing performance and managerial performance etc. 2.4.1 Financial ratio Sun and Tang (2000) have carried out the examination on the operating performance of merged railroad, which based on financial measures that are related to a firms efficiency performance. They are operating income to operating revenues (operating margin) and net income to operating revenues (net margin). Ikea and Doi (1983) discuss various financial aspects for measures of merger performance such as profitability, rate of firm growth, R D expenses, selling, general and administrative expenses/sales etc. In addition, the financial performances of the acquiring firms during pre and post merger periods have been analyzed with the help of various financial ratios (Vanitha and Selvam 2007). Liquidity ratios, leverage ratios and profitability ratios are the three selected to test the results. Liquidity ratios indicate the companys ability to meet all its obligations both long-term as well as short term without strain. The leverage is for measuring the ability of a company to use funds to enhance the returns to its investors. Profitability ratios are calculated to measure the overall efficiency of an organization (Vanitha and Selvam 2007). Hoshino (1982) also mentions that the performances of corporate mergers, before and after the merger, can be compared on the basis of the financial data. Financial ratio should be performed such as net worth to total liabilities and assets, current ratio, debt-equity ratio, turnover ratio and net profit to total liabilities and assets etc. For the aspect of comparison, Sun and Tang (2000) suggest that the post-merger performance is compared with pre-merger performance. It will assist to determine whether changes in firm condition following announcements of mergers tend to indicate deterioration or improvement of performance. 2.4.2 SWOT Analysis Houben et al. (1999) state that SWOT analysis is an effective means for analyzing internal and external environments in order to attain systematic approaches and supports for successful industry strategy formulation. Global competitive and its competitive strategy are largely influenced by changes in both internal and external environments of the machine tool industry since it is aimed at establishing a profitable and sustainable position. Therefore, analyzing the competitive environment in detail and strengthening the competitive advantages have become necessities for establishment of a successful strategy (Shinno et al. 2006). 2.4.3 Value Creation Baker (1992) addresses that company can create value in several ways with its dairy acquisitions program such as increasing the economies of scale in production. Gerold (1989) mention that in general the valuations provided will be on an open market value basis, which is defined as the best price at which an interest in a property might reasonably expected to be sold at the date of the valuation. Tuch and OSullivan (2007) point out that merger create the impact of the market value of acquirers on post acquisition performance and the market value of acquirers can be measured by Price Earning Ratio. The higher the P/E ratio, the higher valuation cause on the stock market. 2.5 Real Practice of Merger Cases in Hong Kong The trend of mergers and acquisitions in Hong Kong become active since 1980s. It is one of the popular methods for the company restructuring (Lang 1999). Deacons (2006) also mention that the Hong Kong has experienced an increase in merger and acquisition activity over the past decade. This situation is now continue since the overseas companies are willing to invest in Hong Kong as which is well established with the main financial and services hub for the PRCs economic development and the economy of which has undergone substantial recovery since the post-1997 deflationary era. It is known that Hong Kong has a long history of mergers. Both successful and failure merger cases in Hong Kong and are selected for discussion (Lang 1999). Hong Kong and Shanghai Banjing Corporation (HSBC) and Midland Bank case is one of the most successful overseas acquisitions by a Hong Kong company. The unique feature of this case is that while the HSBC shareholders were pessimistic in the beginning, they completely changed their view towards the completion of this event. It indicated Hong Kong market is efficiency in that the corporate announcement effect is consistent with the performance of HSBC after the acquisition of Midland Bank (Lang 1999) Swilynn and Teletech case occurred in 1990, which involve two medium-sized Hong Kong firms was overlooked by people; however, it represents the fiercest fight between bidder and target. Emotional factor is an important element for the suitability of Teletch as a target being questionable at the beginning. Both companies went bankrupt a couple of years after the acquisition.